For a quarter of the sample each month, the CPS also records data on usual hourly earnings for hourly workers and usual weekly earnings and hours worked for other workers. government’s official source for monthly estimates of unemployment. The study is based on the analysis of monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) data from January 1982 to December 2022 monthly files ( IPUMS). in the economic aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak. Pew Research Center conducted this study to better understand how women’s pay compared with men’s pay in the U.S. And the gender wage gap varies widely by race and ethnicity. Differential treatment of women, including gender stereotypes and discrimination, may also play a role. hasn’t changed much in two decadesįamily needs can also influence the types of jobs women and men pursue, contributing to gender segregation across occupations. This is linked to an increase in the pay of fathers – a phenomenon referred to as the “ fatherhood wage premium” – and tends to widen the gender pay gap. On the other hand, fathers are more likely to be in the labor force – and to work more hours each week – than men without children at home. This can reduce the earnings of some mothers, although evidence suggests the effect is either modest overall or short-lived for many. Mothers ages 25 to 44 are less likely to be in the labor force than women of the same age who do not have children at home, and they tend to work fewer hours each week when employed. This points to the dominant role of other factors that still set women back or give men an advantage. In fact, the pay gap between college-educated women and men is not any narrower than the one between women and men who do not have a college degree. The pay gap persists even though women today are more likely than men to have graduated from college. Women generally begin their careers closer to wage parity with men, but they lose ground as they age and progress through their work lives, a pattern that has remained consistent over time. There is no single explanation for why progress toward narrowing the pay gap has all but stalled in the 21st century. The slow pace at which the gender pay gap has narrowed this century contrasts sharply with the progress in the preceding two decades: In 1982, women earned just 65 cents to each dollar earned by men. That was about the same as in 2002, when they earned 80 cents to the dollar. In 2022, American women typically earned 82 cents for every dollar earned by men. The gender pay gap – the difference between the earnings of men and women – has barely closed in the United States in the past two decades. How the gender pay gap increases with age Mothers with children at home tend to be less engaged with the workplace, while fathers are more active Employed mothers earn about the same as similarly educated women without children at home both groups earn less than fathers Progress in closing the gender pay gap has slowed despite gains in women’s education Gender pay gap differs widely by race and ethnicity Broader economic forces may impact men’s and women’s earnings in different ways What’s next for the gender pay gap?
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